{"id":1131,"date":"2015-07-24T15:43:35","date_gmt":"2015-07-24T15:43:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/behavioural-therapy.com\/?p=1131"},"modified":"2017-10-25T19:34:02","modified_gmt":"2017-10-25T19:34:02","slug":"the-illusion-of-control-are-there-benefits-to-being-self-deluded","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/behavioural-therapy.com\/?p=1131","title":{"rendered":"The Illusion of Control: Are There Benefits to Being Self-Deluded?"},"content":{"rendered":"
Do people always over-estimate how much they control their lives?<\/h5>\n
<\/div>\n
\n
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The \u2018illusion of control\u2019 is this: people tend to overestimate their perceived control over events in their lives. It\u2019s well documented and has been tested over-and-over in lots of different studies over four decades.<\/p>\n

Here\u2019s an example: you choose an apple which tastes delicious. You assume you are very skilled at choosing apples (when in fact the whole batch happens to be good today).<\/p>\n

Another: you enter the lottery and win millions. You assume that this is (partly) a result of how good your lucky numbers are (in fact lotteries are totally random so you can\u2019t influence them with the numbers you choose. Although most of us know and accept this, we still harbour an inkling that maybe it does matter which numbers we choose).<\/p>\n

Sometimes this illusion manifests as magical thinking. In one study participants watched another person try to shoot a miniature basketball through a hoop (Pronin et al., 2006<\/a>). When participants willed the player to make the shot, and they did, they felt it was partly down to them, even though they couldn\u2019t possibly be having any effect.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s like pedestrians in New York who still press the button to get the lights to change, despite the fact they do nothing. Since the late 80s all the traffic signals have been controlled by computer, but the city won\u2019t pay to have the buttons removed. It\u2019s probably just as well: they help boost people\u2019s illusion of control. We feel better when we can do something that feels like it might have an effect (even if it doesn\u2019t).<\/p>\n

A beneficial illusion?<\/h4>\n

It\u2019s sometimes argued that the illusion of control is beneficial because it can encourage people to take responsibility. It\u2019s like when a person is diagnosed with an illness; they want to take control through starting medication or changing their diet or other aspect of their lifestyle.<\/p>\n

Similarly, studies find that hospital patients who are able to administer their own painkillers from https:\/\/www.ukmeds.co.uk\/treatments\/pain-relief\/dihydrocodeine-30mg-tablets\/<\/span><\/a> typically give themselves lower doses than those who have them prescribed by doctors, but they experience no more pain (Egan, 1990: What does it mean to a patient to be \u201cin control\u201d)a study has also shown that many people try to find how to get rid of external hemorrhoids permanently<\/span><\/a> very desperately.<\/p>\n

Feeling in control can also urge us on to do things when the chances of success are low. Would you apply for that job if you knew how little control you had over the decision? No. But if you never apply for any jobs, you can\u2019t get them. So we pump ourselves up, polish our\u00a0r\u00e9sum\u00e9 and practice our interview technique.<\/p>\n

But the illusion of control isn\u2019t all roses.<\/p>\n

\n

To return to the discussion of lotteries, we can see the illusion of control operating in the financial markets. Traders often feel they have more control over the market than they really do. Indeed one study has shown that the more traders think they are in control, the worse their actual performance (O\u2019Creevy & Nicholson, 2010<\/a>). A word of caution there for those who don\u2019t respect the forces of randomness.<\/p>\n

More generally, some argue that the illusion of control stops us learning from our mistakes and makes us insensitive to feedback. When you feel you\u2019re in charge, you are more likely to ignore the warning signals from the environment that things are not under your control. Indeed an experiment has shown that the more power you feel, the stronger the illusion of control becomes (Fast et al., 2009<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Illusion of futility<\/h4>\n

So far, so orthodox. What\u2019s fascinating is the idea that the illusion of control itself may be an illusion, or at least only part of the story.<\/p>\n

What if the illusion of having control depends heavily on how much control we actually<\/em> have? After all, we\u2019re not always totally out-of-the-loop like the experiments above suggest. Sometimes we have a lot of control over the outcomes in our life.<\/p>\n

This has been recently tested out in a series of experiments by\u00a0Gino et al. (2011)<\/a>. What they found was that the illusion of control flips around when control over a situation is really high. When participants in their studies actually had plenty of control, suddenly they were more likely to underestimate it.<\/p>\n

This is a pretty serious challenge to the illusion of control. If backed up by other studies, it reverses the idea that the illusion of control is usually beneficial. Now we\u2019re in a world where sometimes the illusion is keeping us back.<\/p>\n

For example, applying for more jobs increases the chance of getting one, exercise does make you more healthy, buying a new car does make you poorer. All these are areas in which we have high levels of control but which we may well be assuming we haven\u2019t.<\/p>\n

This effect will have to be renamed the illusion of futility. In other words: when you have high control, you underestimate how much what you do really matters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do people always over-estimate how much they control their lives? 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